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Sources, structures, properties, analysis methods, and environmental fate including bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of some groups of alkylaromatic chlorohydrocarbons are reviewed. They are the most abundant chlorohydrocarbons formed in bleaching of pulp with chlorine chemicals. Major substances among them are chlorocymenes and chlorocymenenes (chlorinated methyl isopropyl(ene) benzenes. Other...
Tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe) are globally widespread contaminants. However, there is a lack of knowledge on production figures, origin, and application of these compounds. One source is technical DDT in which these compounds are present as impurities, but it is assumed that there are other sources as well. Analytical methods for the determination of TCPM...
Polychlorinated terphenyls (PCTs) have been produced over the same period as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), but in 15-20-fold lower quantities (ca. 60,000 tons in total). The production of PCTs has been terminated in most countries in the mid-1970s. PCTs have similar properties to PCBs and have been used for the same purposes such as in electronic equipment, lubricants, sealants, etc. They are...
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), also called brominated diphenyl oxides, are produced and used as flame retardants. There are theoretically 209 different congeners of both PBBs and PBDEs. These congeners have specific chemical and physical properties, which lead to different biological and toxicological effects. Most studies have been based on commercial mixtures...
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) have been commercially produced and used mainly in electrical devices, but also for impregnation of wood, paper and textiles to attain waterproofness, flame resistance and protection against insects, molds and fungi. Today, the PCNs are widespread in the environment and are to be regarded as an environmental problem. Generally, the levels are lower compared to e...
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a complex mixture, identified in every component of the global ecosystem. If potential toxicity, environmental prevalence, and potential risk to humans and wildlife are considered, non- and mono ortho substituted chlorinated biphenyls become extremely important. They resemble 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in their biological action, causing hepato-,...
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) are common impurities in chlorophenol formulations, which were earlier used as fungicides, slimicides, and as wood preservatives. PCDEs are structurally and by physical properties similar to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). They have low water solubility and are lipophilic. PCDEs are quite resistant to degradation and are persistent in the environment. In the...
Chlorinated paraffins or polychlorinated n-alkanes (PCAs) consist of C10 to C30n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30 to 70% by mass. PCAs are used as high temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This chapter reviews the existing data on the production, uses, reactions, methods of quantitative analysis, and levels...
Toxaphene is an organochlorine pesticide of complex composition. Several hundreds of components consisting mainly of polychlorinated bornanes are present in technical mixtures. This number is high but low in comparison to the theoretically possible number of congeners which exceeds 30,000. In the environment and particularly in higher organisms, most of the components of toxaphene are degraded, and...
Polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs) and polychlorinated thianthrenes (PCTAs) are interesting compounds due to their structural similarity with polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). PCDTs are sulfur analogues of PCDFs and PCTAs are sulfur analogues of PCDDs. PCDTs and PCTAs are probably formed by processes similar to the formation of PCDFs and PCDDs...
Methyl sulfone (MeSO2-) and hydroxylated (OH-) metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have emerged as important classes of environmental contaminants in wildlife and humans. The detection of persistent MeSO2-PCBs was first shown in tissues of Baltic grey seal in the mid-1970s. In the last decade the detection and quantification of these metabolites in biota has gained momentum. MeSO2-PCBs...
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